??ࡱ?>?? 9;????8??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??h#bjbjT~T~ .266h?????????????####$G#??c(????fffPRRRRRR$??k?vfffffv????xxxf^??PxfPxxx?????Ar?h??#?:x<?0?x??d?x?x?ffxfffffvvbfff?ffff?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????fffffffff? ?: DATA COLLECTION DESCRIPTIONEmizet F. Kisangani and Jeffrey Pickering INTERNATIONAL MILITARY INTERVENTION, 1989-2005SCOPE OF STUDYSUMMARY: This project updates ICPSR 6035, INTERNATIONAL MILITARY INTERVENTION (IMI), 1946-1988 compiled by Frederic S. Pearson and Robert A. Baumann (1993). It documents 449 intervention events from 1989 to 2005. To ensure consistency across the full 1946-2005 time span, Pearson and Baumann?s coding procedures were followed. The data collection thus ?documents all cases of military intervention across international boundaries by regular armed forces of independent states? in the international system (Pearson and Baumann, 1993, 1). ?Military interventions are defined operationally in this collection as the movement of regular troops or forces (airborne, seaborne, shelling, etc) of one country inside another, in the context of some political issue or dispute? (Pearson and Baumann, 1993, 1). As with the original IMI (OIMI) collection, the 1989-2005 data set includes information on actor and target states as well as starting and ending dates. It also includes a categorical variable describing the direction of the intervention, i.e., whether it was launched in support of the target government, in opposition to the target government, or against some third party actor within the target state?s borders. The intensity of the military intervention is captured in ordinal variables that document the scale of the actor?s involvement, ?ranging from minor engagement such as evacuation, to patrols, acts of intimidation, and actual firing, shelling or bombing? (Pearson and Baumann, 1993, 1). Casualties that are a direct result of the military intervention are coded as well. A novel aspect of IMI is the inclusion of a series of variables designed to ascertain the motivations or issues that prompted the actor to intervene, including attempting to take sides in a domestic dispute in the target state, to affect target state policy, to protect a socio-ethnic or minority group, to attack rebels in sanctuaries in the target state, to protect the actor?s economic or resource interests, to alter global or regional strategic balances, to lend humanitarian aid, to acquire territory or to dispute its ownership, and to protect the actor?s military/diplomatic interests. There are three main differences between OIMI and the update. First, we add the variable civilian casualties which complements IMI?s information on the casualties suffered by actor and target military personnel. Second, we delete OIMI variables on colonial history, previous intervention, alliances partners, alignment of the target, power size of the intervener, and power size of the target. The web based resources available today, such as the CIA World Fact Book, make information on the colonial history between actor and target readily available. Statistical programs allow researchers to generate all previous interventions by the actor into the target state. Since competing measures and data collections are used for alliances and state power, we thought it best to allow analysts that use IMI the freedom to choose the variables or data set measuring these phenomena of their choice. Third, our data collection techniques differ from OIMI. Whereas OIMI relied on scouring of printed news sources such as the New York Times Index, Facts on File, and Keesing?s to collect information on international military interventions, we use the computer based search engine Lexis-Nexis Academic as the foundation for our data search. Lexis-Nexis academic includes the print sources listed above as well as news wire reports and many others. After Lexis-Nexis searches were conducted for each year in the update by at least five different investigators, regional sources, the UN website, and secondary works were consulted. In addition, it should be noted that we include one case that began in 1988 in the updated data set because it was not included in OIMI.SUBJECT TERMS: foreign military intervention, international military intervention, international conflict, use of force, international relationsGEOGRAPHIC COVERAGE: International systemTIME PERIOD: 1989-2005DATES OF COLLECTION: 2005-2007UNIT OF OBSERVATION: military intervention by state actor, multinational actor, or international organization across interstate boundariesUNIVERSE: All international military interventions from 1989-2005DATA TYPE: Event data in Stata format.DATA NOTES: Supporting information (news wire reports, news paper articles, secondary sources, etc) for each intervention case is available from the authors. METHODOLOGYSample: All verified cases of international military intervention from 1989 to 2005.Data Source: Lexis-Nexis Academic web program and published secondary sources, including journals focusing on particular regions of the world, and books.Data Processing: We began with a key word search in Lexis-Nexis Academic for each year in the update. We began with focused searches in six common news wire sources and two major newspapers. The newswires were AP, UPI, Reuters, Agence France-Presse, Interfax (a Russian non-governmental news service) and Xinhua (the official  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_agency" \o "Press agency" press agency of the government of the  HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" \o "People's Republic of China" People's Republic of China). The newspapers were The New York Times and Le Monde. Focusing on these eight primary sources helped overcome some outlets? predilections for under-reporting or for over-reporting specific countries and regions. For example, The New York Times tends to under-report some French speaking countries, whereas Le Monde over-reports them. We then broadened our search to include all sources in the Lexis-Nexis categories ?Major U.S. and World Publications,? ?News Wire Services,? and ?TV and Radio Broadcast Transcripts.? We searched for the following terms:- military intervention- peacekeeping- border dispute- territorial dispute- border conflict- air raid- air incursion- naval incursion- military incursion- troop deployment- military raid- cross-border raid- bombardment- cross-border firing- cross-border shellingFour trained and supervised undergraduate students and five graduate students used Lexis-Nexis to search for each of these terms in each year of the update. To insure inter-coder reliability, each coder compiled data on the cases they found and the additional research they initiated to provide complete information on the intervention episode separately. A team of four graduate students looked for further information in academic journals focused on specific regions of the globe. Both PIs then independently evaluated all of the cases compiled and gathered further information from secondary sources before comparing their results to produce the final data collection. {|?????! 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